Posts in category: Farming

Cattle biologics are defined as the vaccines, bacterins, diagnostics etc which helps to prevent, diagnose or treat the disease conditions in cattle and calves. These product works through some immunological pathway. The cattle biologics manufacturing market consist of four major segments on the basis of the products namely:

• Vaccines

• Pre-breeding vaccines for calves

• Antibodies

• Diagnostic kits

Among these categories, vaccines and pre-breeding vaccines for calves capture the major share of the market. Vaccines are provided to both cattle and calves, especially the new born calves to save them from various diseases such as clostridial diseases, anthrax, bovine virus diarrhea and vibriosis. On the basis of type of manufacturing the cattle biologics manufacturing market is divided into four main categories which include:

• Bacterins

• Bacterin Toxoid

• Non-bacterins

• Custom made Vaccines

Bacterins include vaccines which are made from killed bacteria, while the bacterin toxoids include vaccines which are made from live bacteria. In cattle vaccination, bacterin toxoid is preferred over other vaccination due to its long lasting effect. Texas Vet Lab, Inc. is one of the major market players of bacterins and bacterin toxoid and it is offering a wide range of products in its portfolio such as moraxella ovis, unique serovars of Salmonella and Histophilus Somni. Custom-made vaccines are also capturing a major part of the cattle biologics manufacturing market and have been complement to “off-the-shell” products in the U.S. market. Custom-made vaccines are the vaccines which are manufactured from the specific virus or bacteria which is major cause of disease in livestock operation. Newport Laboratories is one of the market players which is offering custom-made vaccines to the producers and veterinarians which gives them option to prepare a mixture of different products, modified according to producer that is not commercially available.

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Pre-breeding vaccination includes the vaccines, which are given to calves at the age between 12 months to 15 months. These vaccines are provided to calves to protect them against common reproductive diseases. On the basis of the vaccines which are provided to the calves, cattle biologics manufacturing market is divided into six major classes:

• Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)

• Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

• Leptospirosis

• Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)

• Clostridium

• Trichomoniasis

Among these the bovine viral diarrhea is most commonly used vaccine followed by leptospirosis and trichomoniasis. All these pre-breeding vaccinations protect calves from delayed breeding, smaller calves, potential abortions and persistently infected calves.

North America and Europe currently lead the cattle biologics manufacturing market majorly due to strong economic conditions and large number of cattle population. The major market of Europe is driven by Switzerland, which is known for cows and cattle. In 2010, there were 1,591, 233 cattle in Switzerland. Additionally, the government of U.S. and Europe has also setup some regulatory firms which are also helping the market to grow. As in Canada, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) regulates veterinary biologics and animal health products such as antibody products, vaccines, diagnostic kits that are used for the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of infectious diseases in animals. Other major market players in cattle biologics market include Addison Cattle Corporation, Agrilabs, Biocor Animal Health, Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim, Colorado Serum Company, Durvet, Inc., Fort Dodge Animal Health, Merial, Novartis AG and Pfizer, Inc.

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Everest and Gokyo valley Trekking

by

Sambhu Adh

Everest and

Gokyo Valley

, a mesmerizing adventure of a lifetime experience, where you will be rewarded with breathtaking views of worlds highest peaks at one super glance, with ever present Mt. Everest on this magnificent walk to Everest and Gokyo Valley covered with pristine can crystal clear glacial lakes with towering Mt. Cho-Oyu, worlds 6th highest peaks.

Everest and Gokyo Valley leads you to charming villages as soon you land at exciting town in Lukla, the door to Everest and Gokyo valley including other adventurous destinations around high and scenic Khumbu valley.

Lukla town with a unique airstrip the airport is called Tenzing & Hillary after a legendry mountaineers who first conquered Mt. Everest in May 29th 1953.

From Lukla starting the walks following on the main trails past Lukla town heading towards our main highlight to Gokyo Valley and then to Everest base camp, as the path leads following the raging Dudh Kosi which means Milky River due to its many white water rapids fed from the Khumbu and Ngozumba glaciers.

Following the river upstream past lovely Sherpa farm villages of Phakding-Monjo to reach at Namche Bazaar of above 3,440 m high, covered with traditional Sherpa style houses of Tibetan architectures and similar culture interwoven with Buddhism.

Namche Bazaar a major and important town like village, with number of modern facilities from banks-ATM-Cyber Caf, large stores and shops with many large deluxe to moderate and standard hotels-lodge and guest houses serving excellent foods, Namche is famous for its colorful Saturday market.

Namche an ideal spot for rest and acclimatization before heading higher elevations a precaution against AMS (Acute Mountain Sickness) which can occur to some trekkers if safety measures is not taken like walking slowly and having rest days to get used with the altitude.

Where day walks around higher altitude and sleeping at low elevation helps trekkers to get acclimatize with AMS and thin air.

From Namche Bazaar onward our route diverts from the main trail heading towards quiet and scenic uphill with fantastic views of surrounding peaks Kongde-Tharmasarku-Kangtenga-Amadablam with Everest.

On reaching a high hill top at Mong heading downhill to reach again at Dudh Kosi River and then climb leads past number of nice settlement around Dole-Luza and Machherma where tree lines fades for short alpine bushes and shrubs of juniper and dwarf rhododendron (azalea).

Actually the area around

Gokyo lakes

in earlier days was a summer pasture and grazing areas for Yaks and other cattle, due to flow of trekkers and adventurer since last three decades, the place has turned into a small settlement with fine lodges to cater the need of the travelers.

On reaching at Gokyo Valley with its simmering 1st to 3rd lakes where Gokyo with many nice lodges located with fabulous views of Cho-Oyu and Melung Tse peaks, next morning taking a hike to Gokyo Ri at 5,357 m high offering superb views of Mt. Everest (8,848m / 29, 028ft)

Mt. Lhotse (8,516 m-24,940 ft), Mt. Nuptse (7,855m-25,772 ft), Lho-La / Khumbutse peak (6,036 m 19,992ft), majestic Amadablam (6,812 m / 22,480 ft) with Kangtenga (6,782 m / 22, 380 ft), Tharmarserku ( 6,623 m / 21, 855 ft), Kongde (6,011 m / 19,837 ft), Kusum Khanguru (6,373 m / 21,030 ft) and Khumbi-la (5,761 m / 19,012 ft) holy peak of Khumbu Sherpa, extends towards worlds 5th highest Mt. Makalu (8,463 m / 27, 766 ft).

From Gokyo Lakes after an enjoyable and marvelous time, adventure continues to cross high Tsho (Chola) Pass of above 5,367 m high offering incredible views and then heading towards worlds highest Mt. Everest Camp within remorseless fields of moraine, ice and glaciers with massive Khumbu Ice Falls.

Walk leads over moraine, ice above Khumbu glaciers to reach at Gorakshep the highest overnight stop at an altitude of 5,180 m high, located on a glacial valley with 4-5 nice lodges.

Gorakshep lies beneath Kalapathar and Pumori peak on route Everest base camp and it was an original base camp during 1950s to 1970s.

From Gorakshep adventure leads to Everest Base Camp at 5,367 m high, beneath towering South Face of Mt. Everest and Nuptse peaks, overlooking notorious Khumbu Ice Falls.

During April to May on peak season of mountaineering season to Everest and Lhotse this camp will be flooded with trekkers-climbers-porters and guides with colorful tents around this unique spot of ice and moraines, truly it looks like a Scout Jamboree.

Enjoying with wonderful moment another adventure leads you on top Kalapathar with mind blowing views of giant peaks with Everest at its closest with a stone throw distance; this will be the highest point of the adventure at 5,545 m high.

Finally our journey completes heading back at Lukla for scenic sweeping flight to Kathmandu after a most overwhelming time on Everest and Gokyo Valley trekking with great excellent services of BUNA Treks & Expeditions and its friendly, expert guides.

For more details, please contact the

Best Trekking Company in Nepal

.

Article Source:

eArticlesOnline.com
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